Origin request with peer fulfillment

ABSTRACT

A method, apparatus and system for data transfer is disclosed. For example, settings from multiple entities arranged in a multi-tier control plane are used to set data transfer policies. The policies are used to govern data transfers such as between end users or from an origin server.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.13/214,124, filed on Aug. 19, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/265,647, filed on Nov. 5, 2008, which is anon-provisional application claiming the benefit and priority under 35U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. application Ser. No. 60/985,590, filed on Nov. 5,2007. All the above-listed applications are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the invention

This disclosure relates in general to network delivery of data and, butnot by way of limitation, to transfer of content in unique ways.

2. Background

Traditional data delivery using the Internet falls into two broadcategories, namely, traditional origin download and end user originateddownload. Either type of download can be used for content delivery suchas file uploads and downloads or streaming delivery. In a traditionalorigin download, a centralized server (such as an origin server), atraditional content delivery network or a traditional cache operates asa source of the content for the end users. In a user originated downloadone end user sources content to another end user.

In early user originated download systems, often referred to asfirst-generation peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery systems, when anindividual end user seeks to find content available from its peers, theend user logs into a central indexing server. The requesting end userconsults a tracker function within a central indexing server that servesas a file directory of content available from sourcing end users. Once asourcing end user offering the requested content is identified, theactual content transfer occurs directly between the requesting andsourcing end users.

User originated download is controversial for many reasons. There is aperception that user originated download fosters copyright theft. Inaddition, internet service providers (ISPs) dislike user originateddownloading because of the high level of resource utilization it imposeson the ISP system and the difficulties associated with managing anincreased flow of data. Not withstanding these issues, user originateddownloads continue to become more popular among end users to supportapplications such as Internet telephony, file/stream transfer andInternet television.

Many ISPs have attempted to regain control over the resource utilizationof their network infrastructure by attempting to identify and regulateuser originated downloads. Some have resorted to traffic throttling orshaping to slow down or eliminate resource utilization.

However, second-generation user originated download systems, also knownas decentralized P2P systems, have eliminated the need for a centralserver. In such a system, peers send search queries to other peers. If apeer cannot service a request, it forwards the query to other peersuntil the requested information is found. When the information is found,the initiating peer receives the download directly from the peer withthe information. Using these and other techniques, the second-generationuser originated download systems seek to evade the network restrictionsby impeding the ability of the ISP to detect P2P traffic as there is nocentral indexing server.

Third-generation hybrid user originated systems, also known as hybridP2P systems, operate between a centralized directory structure and adistributed structure. The networks use super nodes which act as minicentral servers to keep the network distributed while reducing the timerequired to identify the holder of requested content. These super nodesare typically unaware that they have been selected to act as such.Often, the third-generation user originated download systems also seekto evade the network restrictions by impeding the ability of the ISP todetect the P2P traffic.

There is a long tail theory that suggests obscure content is difficultto deliver to end users efficiently. Caches are efficient at delivery ofcommonly requested items, but rarely store obscure content. Oftenobscure content must be sourced from the origin server if stillavailable. Where an end user has the obscure content, depending on thedelivery suitability of that user, user originated download can serve tosource the content to another end user, without going back to the originserver. This type of efficient transfer benefits both the end user andthe ISP.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the data transfer system and method for controlling thebehavior of end user clients using a single point of interface toInternet Service Providers (ISPs) may be implemented in conjunction witha global resource authority infrastructure. This infrastructure may beused to build a wide range of distributed services and applications inwhich each device is controllable through a multi-tier control planeusing their IP address space.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method fortransferring content between clients. A first setting from a firstentity indicating a first set of potentially eligible sources isreceived. A second setting from a second entity indicating a second setof potentially eligible sources is received. A request for content froma client is received. A policy based on the first and second settings isdetermined. The policy indicates a set of eligible sources. The set isdrawn from the first set and the second set. A subset of the set ofeligible sources that have the content is determined. Typically, thesubset includes one or more client stations. An indication of the subsetis sent to the client. In some cases, the determination of the policyindicating the set of eligible sources includes determining that the setof eligible sources includes an origin server. In other cases, thereceipt of the request for content includes receiving the request forcontent from the client specifying content sourced from an originserver. In yet other cases, the receipt of the first setting comprisesreceiving a setting indicating a minimum acceptable data delivery raterequired of the first set of potentially eligible sources. Sometimes,receipt of the second setting includes receiving the second setting froman element of an internet service provider (ISP) servicing the client.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a data transfersystem configured to allow content download between end user devices.The data transfer system may include a first client associated with afirst device capable of communication over the Internet and configuredto provide a first setting from which a first set of potentiallyeligible sources can be determined. It may also include a second clientassociated with a second device capable of communication over theInternet. The system may have a network entity configured to provide asecond setting from which a second set of potentially eligible sourcescan be determined. The system may receive the first and second settingsas well as a request for content from the first client. It may determinea policy based on the first and second settings. The policy allowsdetermination of a set of eligible source devices. The system may alsodetermine a subset of the set of eligible sources that have the content.Sometimes, the subset includes the second client. The system sends anindication of the second client to the first client. The first settingsometimes indicates a minimum acceptable data delivery rate required ofthe first set of potentially eligible sources. The network entity may bean element of an internet service provider (ISP) servicing the firstclient. The network entity may characterize a relationship between thefirst client and the second client and specify content sharingprivileges associated with the relationship. The system may beconfigured to determine that the subset of eligible sources includes anorigin server. The system may be configured to receive the request forcontent specifying content sourced from an origin server and todetermine a subset that includes only end users.

In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method oftransferring content between clients. A client layer in an internetdevice receives one or more application settings from one or moreapplications. The one or more application settings indicatecharacteristics of a first set of potentially eligible clients. Theclient layer determines one or more client settings which are a functionof the one or more application settings. The client layer receives arequest for content from a requesting application. Information regardinga set of eligible clients is retrieved. The set of eligible clients isdetermined based on the one or more client settings and one or morenetwork settings. An Internet component determines the one or morenetwork settings. The internet component is remote from a deviceassociated with the applications. The set of eligible clients eithermatches or is a subset of the first set. Information regarding asourcing client is retrieved, such as by the client layer, anotherclient, a super node or dispatcher-type entity. The sourcing client iswithin the set of eligible clients and has the content. The client layerrequests the content from the sourcing client for delivery to therequesting application. In some cases, the request for content specifiescontent sourced from an origin server. In some cases, an eligible originserver is found which can service the request. One of the applicationsettings may indicate a minimum acceptable data delivery rate requiredfrom the first set of potentially eligible sources. A client associatedwith one or more client settings may have a defined relationship to asecond client from within the set of eligible. Content sharingprivileges associated with the relationship may be specified.

Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will becomeapparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It shouldbe understood that the detailed description and specific examples, whileindicating various embodiments, are intended for purposes ofillustration only and are not intended to necessarily limit the scope ofthe disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appendedfigures:

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of a data transfersystem.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of an ISP coupled to auser.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C depict diagrams of alternative embodiments of amulti-tiered control plane.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process forperforming user originated download.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of a process forperforming user originated download, generally from the perspective ofthe entities satisfying the request.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment, generallyillustrating the servicing of a request for origin server content by wayof an end user download.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary embodiment, includingillustration of an aspect of the interaction between the application andclient.

In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type maybe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the firstreference label is used in the specification, the description isapplicable to any one of the similar components having the same firstreference label irrespective of the second reference label.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) only,and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configurationof the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferredexemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with anenabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment.It is understood that various changes may be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope asset forth in the appended claims.

Throughout this document, the terms content delivery and contentdownload are used and can mean either file download or streamingdelivery. Additionally, a content object can be either a file or astream. For example, the content object could be a voice call stream, avideo stream, an image file, a music file, a live concert, an animation,an advertisement, a web page, a slide show, data file, executablesoftware or the like.

Referring first to FIG. 1, a block diagram of an embodiment of a datatransfer system 100 is shown. The data transfer system 100 allows endusers in home networks 132 or business networks 136 to request andsource content downloads from/to other end users directly. The end user,some times simply called a user, is typically a personal computer butmay be any user controlled device capable of communicating over theInternet, such as, by way of example, a handheld device, media player,mobile phone, or supercomputing terminal. In some cases, an end user mayinclude a networked set of end users.

In addition to data transfer from end user to end user, the datatransfer system 100 shown in FIG. 1 also allows for traditional origindownload between the end user 132 and a content provider 128. A contentobject may be referenced in a variety of protocols. For example, auniversal resource locator (URL) could reference a content objectavailable from the content provider. In many cases, a content provider128 contracts with a content delivery network (CDN) to outsourcedelivery of content objects. A CDN is a system of computers networkedtogether across the Internet that cooperate transparently to delivercontent, often for the purpose of improving performance, scalability,cost efficiency and the like. For example, a large, on-line photoprocessing enterprise with a global footprint may contract with a CDN todistribute the functionality of the user interface to various worldwidelocations to speed the response to a query by the end user. In suchcases, both the content provider and the CDN are motivated to use theCDN network efficiently to further increase performance. In one aspect,the configuration shown in FIG. 1 may be used to this end.

Although many network configurations are possible, for illustrativepurposes, in FIG. 1 we assume that content provider 128 has contractedwith a CDN. According to the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, theCDN controls a global resource authority 104 and a control layerdatabase 112 as well as a dispatcher 108, content database 116 and aclient database 118, each of which is discussed further below. In otherembodiments, these blocks could reside with and be controlled by an ISPor other entity.

Often, especially when the size of some of the content downloads isexpected to be quite large, the content provider 128 transfers to thereceiving end user a download manager or client. A download manager is asoftware program which performs the task of downloading (and sometimesuploading) content from (and sometimes to) the Internet for storage. Thetypical download manager at a minimum provides means to recover fromerrors without losing the work already completed. Sometimes a downloadmanager provides other functions such as splitting the content file tobe transferred into two or more segments, which are then transferred inparallel, potentially making the process faster. According to oneaspect, the download manager may also include control layer software asdescribed below.

According to one aspect, a control plane of the global resourceauthority 104 regulates which download managers or clients in the homeand business networks 132, 136 can request and source a particularcontent object and under what conditions those clients may do so. Theglobal resource authority 104 includes policies to enable control of thebehavior and activities of the clients in the home and business networks132, 136. According to these policies, the clients can receive andrequest content globally or within some limited scope, or can beprohibited from either sourcing or receiving altogether. In one aspect,the global resource authority 104 is under the control of a CDN. Inanother aspect, the global resource authority 104 may be under thecontrol of an Internet service provider (ISP) 124, a content provider128 and/or other entity.

For example in one aspect, control layer client software is transferredto the end user to enable the control plane. For example, the clientsoftware may be transferred from the global resource authority 104, thecontent provider 128, the ISP 124 or another end user. If transferredfrom a content provider 128, the transfer may occur in association withthe installation of a download manager. If transferred from an ISP 124or global resource authority 104, the transfer may occur when a new enduser is coupled to a home or business network 132, 136 for the firsttime or as part of software distributed at the time an end userinitiates service from the ISP 124. The client can be used inconjunction with other elements to provide efficient download of contentaccording to the control plane policies.

In one aspect, the client transfers status information and control layersettings to the global resource authority 104 which may also receivestatus information and control layer settings from other entities suchas ISP 124, content provider 128 or both. The global resource authority104 uses the status information and control layer settings to determinea set of policies which, for example, control content transfer over thenetwork. The status information and control layer settings may be storedin the control layer database 112 along with the resulting policies.

The ISP 124 aggregates users 130 to provide access to private wide areanetworks (WANs) and the Internet. Generally, the users 130 of ISPs 124fall into two categories: users who control a specific IP address space,such as business networks 136, end users who do not control a specificIP address space, such as home networks 132. Some ISPs 124 tend tospecialize in one type of user or the other. Generally, bandwidth usedby home users is oversubscribed such that all users of the ISP cannotuse the full bandwidth at times of heavy usage. Bandwidth for businessescan often be guaranteed to have a certain amount of bandwidth.

Users 130 connect individual devices and/or networks to the ISPs 124 toreceive Internet connectivity. Home and business networks 132, 136 oftenuse a router to connect with the ISP using some sort of last miletechnology for connectivity (e.g., DSL, cable modem, WiFi, WiMax,satellite modem, local communications circuit, etc.). Home networks 132may have a number of computing devices all sharing the Internetconnection (e.g., personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops, VOIP, UMAphones, IP TV set tops, desktops, Internet appliances, alarm systems,etc.). Business networks 136 may have a number of computing devices allsharing the Internet connection (e.g., user PCs, web servers, emailservers, etc.) and may also have leased lines between various locationsor VPN tunnels to tie various business networks 136 together. In thedepicted example, the first business network 136-1 has a connection withthe second business network 136-2.

The ISPs 124 interact with other ISPs and backbone providers to allowtheir users full-route access to the Internet 120. This may involvepurchase of connectivity from Tier 1 providers, peering arrangementswith other ISPs 124, or both. In the depicted example, the first ISP124-1 has a peering relationship with the second ISP 124-2 such thattraffic can pass directly, and typically at a reduced cost and/orlatency, between the two ISPs 124 to avoid the additional networkdistance, inefficiency, time delay cost and the like associated withusing a Tier 1 provider to pass traffic between the first and secondISPs 124. Although not shown, an ISP 124 can have subnetworks, such asfor servicing a specific geographic region or for other reasons. Peeringmay occur in one region of an ISP and not another.

According to one aspect, the dispatcher 108 provides a centralizedserver which may store an indication of a client's availability andstatus, control layer settings and policies, current activity state, ora combination of these and like parameters. The dispatcher 108 may alsoinclude information with respect content from origin servers. An originserver is any server cache etc. which is used to service a request forcontent in a conventional, non-point-to-point fashion. The dispatcher108 may operate according to control layer policies which may, forexample, be stored in the client data base 118. In addition, thedispatcher 108 may be associated with the content database 116 whichserves to store information regarding available sources of content (insome cases both end users and origin servers) as well as, in someembodiments, frequently requested user originated or origin servercontent.

In one embodiment, the dispatcher 108 may satisfy a traditional origindownload request with an end user originated download. For example, thedispatcher 108 determines whether the requested content should besourced from another user 130 or retrieved form the content provider 128or other origin server. In some systems, the dispatcher 108 may alwaysfavor download from another user 130 rather than the content provider128. Other embodiments the dispatcher 108 only initiates user originateddownload when such a transfer is likely to have an advantage, such as aquality of service (QoS) advantage, an increased data rate, a moreefficient use of system resources, a better cost structure and the like.

In one embodiment, the dispatcher 108 may include a subset of thepolicies from the global resource authority 104 to control the contentdelivery. Another embodiment, the dispatcher 108 may include thepolicies from the global resource authority 104. The policies may be setaccording to one or more control layer settings and serve to managecontent delivery to, from and between clients.

According to one aspect, the dispatcher 108 can uniquely identify aclient and associate the client with the relevant control layerpolicies. A client can be programmed to check in periodically or whenits address changes such that the dispatcher 108 can continue toproperly identify the client. In another embodiment, the clientidentifies itself to the dispatcher 108 whenever a directory listing orcontent object is requested by the end user or from the end user.

In one embodiment, a client database 118 stores location information andapplicable control layer settings or resulting policies for the clients,either individually or in groupings such as by network identifier. Whenresponding to a request from a client, the location information, statusinformation and policy information in the client database 118 is used bythe dispatcher 108 to determine an appropriate source for the requestedcontent.

In one embodiment, a client periodically reports the content availableto be sourced to the dispatcher 108. The content database 116 stores theinformation to indicate the content objects available within the system.The system uses the client location information, status information,available content information and the control layer policies todetermine how a requesting client should get content objects, includingdetermining what other clients are potentially available to serve theobject to the requesting client.

Although the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 uses a centralized directory inthe dispatcher 108, other embodiments could allow one client to directlyinteract with other clients and/or super node clients to determine thecontent available for download. In these embodiments, the control layerpolicies could be implemented by the individual or super node clients.For example, the global resource authority 104 determines the policiesfrom the various control layer settings, status information and the likeand then distributes the policies to the other clients, super nodes orboth. Alternatively, input from the multiple tiers in the control layermay report directly to the appropriate client or super node which couldthen determine the resulting policies. The policies could be presentedto other clients.

According to an aspect in which the global resource authority 104determines the control plane policies, the global resource authority 104receives control layer information from various sources. The controllayer database 112 stores this information. Additionally, the variouscontrol layer settings are parsed according to a hierarchy. Multipletiers of the control plane are allowed to influence the control layeraccording to a predetermined hierarchy where typically the lower leveltiers take precedence over higher level tiers. The final set of policiesis determined for the clients, honoring settings associated withentities of higher priority over settings associated with entities havea lower priority. In one embodiment, one or more of the combinedpolicies is set to the most restrictive setting received from anyentity. The policy information is communicated to the dispatcher 108 forstorage in the client database 118, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

Referring next to FIG. 2, a block diagram 200 of an embodiment of theISP 124 coupled to a user 130. It is to be understood that a typicalconfiguration would include a number of users 130 coupled with a numberof ISPs 124. The user 130 in this embodiment could be a home network 132or business network 136. Although not shown, the user 130 may havemultiple ISPs 124 or additional ways outside of its local area network(LAN) 220.

“An Internet component” is any component which is part of the datatransfer system 100. As such, each of the entities shown in FIGS. 1 and2 may be the referred to as an Internet component. The Internetcomponent shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be implemented using standardhardware and software modules and techniques, which are furtherconfigured to operate according to the principles described herein.Except for the possible manual entry of one or more of the settings, intypical implementations the functions of the data transfer system 100are largely executed using equipment and software. In many cases, thestatus and actions of the various hardware and software modules may bedisplayed for a human observer. For example, technical personnel maymonitor the settings and policies associated with data transfer as wellas the various database content. Similarly, a human operating an enduser device is typically presented a visual representation associatedwith setup and operation according to the principles described herein.

“A network component” is a component which plays a role in transferringdata to and from an end user device. The global resource authority 104,the control layer database 112, the dispatcher 108, the content database116, the client database 118, the content provider 128, the localresource authority 208, the server engine 212 and the associated client228, a corresponding content delivery network, the Internets 120 areexamples of network components. The clients and user devices are notnetwork components.

The user 130 has a number of computing devices 224. The computing device224 includes a client 228 that allows both end user originated downloadand sourcing as well as traditional origin server download. Typically,the client 228 is implemented in software that runs on the computingdevice 224, although other implementations are also possible. The clientcan be part of the operating system layer, device driver layer, downloadmanager or application layer. In one aspect, an application programminginterface (API) to the client 228 allows any number of applications 232to access and to influence the control layer settings and status of theclient 228. The computing device 224, the client 228 and the application232 are one embodiment of an end user. Typically, a router 236 bridgesthe LAN 220 of the computing devices 224 to the ISP network 204.

This embodiment of the ISP 124 includes one or more server engines 212,but other embodiments could include none. The ISP network 204 is coupledto one or more full route internet providers (not shown.) Server engines212 increase the likelihood that content objects are found in the ISPsnetwork without having to go back to the content provider 128. In oneaspect, the dispatcher 108 and content database 116 are cognizant of thecontent stored in the server engine 212 and can route appropriaterequests thereto. In another embodiment, the ISP network 204, such as,for example, by way of the local resource authority 208, interceptsrequests for content which is stored in the server engine 212.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the ISP 124 includes such a localresource authority 208 to collect, select and process the control layerinformation. The local resource authority 208 operates within a limitednetwork and performs locally a similar role as the global resourceauthority 104. For example, the local resource authority may receivestatus and setting information the clients 228. It may also operate toimplement the control layer settings associated with the ISP 124.

Control layer settings can be provided to the local resource authorityfrom a number of sources in various embodiments. For example, variousapplications 232, the client 228, the user 130, and the ISP 124 each canhave control layer settings and status in one embodiment. In one aspect,the local resource authority 208 processes the various control layersettings and provides the resulting settings, policies, status and thelike to the global resource authority 104.

The server engine 212 also has a client 228-3 for tracking status andsettings. According to well-known techniques, a cache within the serverengine 212 is populated based on user requests for content or otherparameters. Once the cache of the server engine 212 has content, theserver engine 212 can act as another end point that can source contentto the end user clients, such as requested by the dispatcher 108 inresponse to either an origin or end user request. In addition totraditional cache functions, the server engine 212, in conjunction withlocal resource authority 208, may perform at a local level some of thesame functions as the dispatcher 108, such as directing the satisfactionof a traditional origin download request with an end user originateddownload. In some embodiments, the server engine 212 may be a preferredsource for content as compared to other possible sources in oneembodiment. Some embodiments allow one server engine 212 to query otherserver engines 212 and/or end users to request content not currentlyfound in the cache.

The ISPs 124 and business networks 136 can indicate, through theirrespective control layers, the extent to which the clients using theirnetwork can serve content objects to other clients in varyingrelationships with their network. The control layer settings may bebased on the relationship between networks, such as peer relationships,intra-ISP relationships, metro sub-net relationships, business sub-netrelationships, and/or unrestricted relationships. IP addresses, arange(s) of IP addresses or domains could be used to specify therelationship between any particular business network 136, ISP user baseor the like.

Referring to the example of Table I, an exemplary set of relationshipsbetween end point networks is specified. These relationships may bereflected in the global resource authority 104, the control layerdatabase 112 and content database 118 such that the scope of a client'ssharing space can be determined. In one aspect, this information is alsoreflected in the local resource authority 208. The control layersettings, such as the type typically specified by the ISP 124, thenetworks 132, 136, indicate the allowed transfers between entities basedon their relationship. Together, the peer relationship and the relatedsettings determine the policies by which transfers are governed by thedispatcher 108.

For example, according to Table I, for user originated download, theACME ISP peers with three other ISPs and, therefore, may have controllayer settings which allow end user content download intra-network suchthat a client 132 in a network 136 of the ACME ISP can source contentdirectly within the ISP network 204 and to any of the indicated peernetworks. The Foo ISP has an open relationship with all other providersand, thus, allows its clients to receive user originated downloads fromor source user originated downloads to any client on the ISP network 204or Internet 120. The Atlas ISP has no end point relationships andprohibits the clients 228 from performing user originated download, and,thus, limits its clients to performing origin downloads. The Open ISPhas an open end point relationship and allows its clients to exchangeuser originated content over any other ISP that allows its clients toexchange user originated content to and from the Open ISP network.Speeedy ISP has relationships with and allows peering with the ACME ISP,the TTC-Denver business and intra-network. The TTC-Denver businesssub-net may allow user originated download to another business sub-net,affiliated business or other network groups. Specified on another lineof Table I, the TTC-Denver business allows user originated download withthe TTC-business entity.

Business networks 136 can specify the scope of user originated downloadacceptable for its clients in other ways. Large Corp only allows useroriginated exchanges within its network. The network could be defined tobe one or many different locations by specifying the relevant IPaddresses or other network information. The business networks could bespecified in according to several schemes, such as by breaking out IPaddresses or other network information into separate groups or includingother IP addresses or other network information in a particular group.According to typical contractual relationships, ISPs for businessesgenerally avoid further restriction on how a business decides toparticipate in user originated download because the Internet service issold to the business in an unrestricted manner so that the business tochoose how best to utilize the allocated bandwidth.

TABLE I End User Routing Table End Point Networks Available End PointsRelationship ACME ISP Wyle ISP Peer Road Runner ISP Peer ACME ISP SameDomain Speeedy ISP Peer Large Corp Large Corp Same Domain Foo ISP AllOpen Atlas ISP — NA TTC-Denver TTC-DC Metro Sub-net Open ISP AllReciprocating Open Speeedy ISP ACME ISP Peer TTC-Denver BusinessBusiness Sub-net Speeedy ISP Same Domain

Some embodiments of the server engine 212 allow pre-populating theserver engines 212 with content likely to be requested. Use of a serverengine(s) can reduce the use of connectivity to the Internet or withinits network by the ISP 124 to gather requested content. The dispatcher108 or the server engine 212 itself could decide which content objects108 are likely to be requested such that the cache can be pre-populated.Content providers 128 can also specify what is likely to be requested.In some embodiments, the content providers could purchase or lease spaceon the various server engines such that their content objects aredelivered with higher QoS.

Use of the server engine(s) 212 can be controlled by the ISP 124 thathas been allocated particular server engine 212 capacity. Use of theserver engine 212 can be limited to the clients 228 within the ISPnetwork 204. Additionally, other networks can be given access to theserver engines 212 in some embodiments. In one embodiment, serverengines 212 are controlled through the local and/or global resourceauthority 208, 104 by specifying settings such as those specified forclients 228, in a similar manner as discussed above with respect toTable I.

With reference to FIG. 3A, a diagram showing an embodiment of amulti-tiered control plane 300-1 is shown. At the top of the diagram,the application layer 304 is where the application(s) 232 reside thatuses the client 228. The applications 232 have configuration optionsthat indicate how the client 228 can be used. A particular layer on topof the diagram can have their control settings overridden by any layerbelow one hierarchy scheme. For example, the application layer 304 mayspecify that twenty simultaneous responses to requests for useroriginated downloads are allowed at one time, but the client controllayer 308 specifies only four outbound user originated downloads may beexecuted at the same time. Because the application layer 304 is trumpedby the client layer 308, only four outbound user originated downloadscan be executed at any moment between the applications 232 using theclient 228. Thus, the control layer settings sent by the client 228 to,for example, the global resource authority 104 specify a maximum of foursimultaneous uploads or downloads.

In one aspect, as shown in FIG. 3B, the settings for the applicationlayer 304, the client control layer 308 as well as the account controllayer 309 are sent to the global resource authority 104 and stored inthe control layer database 112. The global resource authority 104 thendetermines the policies based at least in part on the settings. Inanother aspect, the client 228 processes the control layer settings ofwhich it is aware and sends the combined result to the global resourceauthority 104. The global resource authority 104 then determines thepolicies based at least in part on the combined settings. In yet anotheraspect, the client 228 sends either the combined or raw control layersettings the local resource authority 208 which in turn combines themwith other local settings of which it is aware and sends the resultingcombined settings to the global resource authority 104. In any case, theresulting policies are transferred to the dispatcher 108 which storesthem in the client database 118. The dispatcher 108 uses the policies todetermine the actions which are taken in response to a request forcontent.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3A, there are four layers that controlthe user originated download. The client layer 308 can alternatively doa conventional origin download using a conventional network controlstructure 316 or preferably used the ISP control layer 312 and thesystem control layer 318. In one embodiment, both origin server and enduser originated requests are sent to the dispatcher so that originserver request can be serviced in a point-to-point manner if appropriateand based on the policies implemented by the dispatcher 108. In order ofhierarchy, the application layer 304, the client layer 308, an ISPcontrol layer 312, and a system control layer 318 are shown. Each layercan specify settings that would form the control layer policiesinfluencing how a user originated download is performed, in someembodiment. According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3A, a lower layertakes precedence over a higher layer. Other embodiments may have more orfewer control layers, or only one control layer.

Different parties can optionally designate the control settings at thevarious layers. For example, the user may be able to modify options atthe application and client layers 304, 308. The ISP management can setoverriding settings at the ISP control layer 312. The systemadministrators can set yet further overriding settings at the systemcontrol layer 318. Interfaces in the application 232, client 228, localresource authority 208 and global resource authority 104 could be usedby the various parties to enter the control layer settings.

Table II indicates examples of the things that could be part of thecontrol plane for the application layer in one embodiment. Theapplication 232 could specify individually the particular controlsetting desired. Different applications 232 could have different desiredcontrol settings. The application can specify if user originateddownload is even allowed in addition to conventional origin download andwhich type is preferred. The maximum outgoing/incoming bandwidth can bespecified along with the number of simultaneous outgoing/incomingconnections allowed. Further, a minimum and/or maximum delivery speedfor the user originated downloads could be specified such that thedownload would switch to origin download or fail if that level of QoSwere no longer available.

TABLE II Application Control Layer Field Example Allow End UserDelivery? Yes Allow Conventional Delivery? Yes Preferred Delivery TypeEnd User Max Outgoing End User Delivery Bandwidth 3000 kbps Min IncomingEnd User Delivery Bandwidth 6000 kbps Max Outgoing Simultaneous End UserDownloads 20 Max Incoming Simultaneous End User Downloads 40 MinimumDelivery Speed Before Switching to  50 kbps Origin Download

Table III specifies certain control settings for the control layer ofthe client layer 308. These control settings would apply to applications232 in the higher application layer 304. In this example, the controlsettings for the client layer 308 are similar to those of theapplication layer 304. Additionally, the client layer 308 can specifywhether central dispatch is used for content directories if the clientsthemselves hold the directory of available content objects. The numberof applications that can simultaneously use the client is also specifiedin this embodiment.

TABLE III Client Control Layer Field Example Allow End User Delivery?Yes Allow Conventional Delivery? Yes Preferred Delivery Type End UserMax Outgoing End User Delivery Bandwidth  600 kbps Minimum Incoming EndUser Delivery Bandwidth 1200 kbps Max Outgoing Simultaneous End UserDownloads 4 Max Incoming Simultaneous End User Downloads 8 Central/UserDispatch Central Maximum Number of Simultaneous Applications 2

Table IV specifies the control settings an ISP layer 312 can specify forthe users 130 in their defined address space. In addition to some of thecontrol settings for the other layers, the ISP control layer 312 allowsdefining the scope of clients that can request user originated downloadof content objects like what was globally defined in Table I above. TheISP can specify the divisions allowed within their address space and howany server engines 212 can be used. One embodiment allows the ISP 124 tocontrol and update the content delivery in over time such that thedispatcher 108 can reflect these updates. The ISP 124 may determinewhere an end user can download the requested content according to thesystem availability, control of unlicensed content and status of theother end users or server engines 212.

TABLE IV ISP Control Layer Field Example Allow End User Delivery? YesAllow Conventional Delivery? Yes Preferred Delivery Type End User MaxOutgoing End User Delivery Bandwidth 300 kbps Min Incoming End UserDelivery Bandwidth 600 kbps Max Outgoing End User Downloads 3 MaxIncoming End User Downloads 6 Defined Scope of User Originated DownloadIntra-network, Peers Serve within ISP Network Yes Further ServingDivisions within ISP Network No Serve outside ISP Transit Boundary NoServe ISP's Peer Networks Yes Internal Access to Server Engines Yes PeerAccess to Server Engines No

At the system control layer 316, additional control settings can bespecified. For example, directory listings can optionally be limited asspecified by the control layers. As such, the system uses the controllayer to avoid use of the system to transfer content that the copyrightholders would disapprove of Additionally, content filtering could beoptionally activated or enabled for only certain groups that use thesystem 100.

An example system control layer is depicted in Table V. For thisexample, the directory listing is limited by the control layers.Application, client, business, ISP and sub-net control layers areprovided for in this example. Where there is protected content, meaningthat the copyright holders would not allow sharing with other end users,the system could filter out those files from appearing in directorylistings. This example allows sharing of downloading, processing,storage, VOIP, and streaming among clients 228.

TABLE V System Control Layer Field Example Limit Directory Listing Yesto Control Layers Layers of control to allow Application, Client,Business, ISP, Sub-net Prevent Listing of Yes Protected Content Types ofresource Download, Processing, Storage, sharing to allow VOIP, Streaming

Referring next to FIG. 3B, a diagram showing another embodiment of amulti-tiered control plane 300-2 is shown. This embodiment includes anaccount control layer 309 and an ISP metro control layer 311 between theclient and ISP control layers 308, 312. The account control layer 309allows the ISP account holder to specify control settings. For example,a parent in a home network 132 could specify control settings for thechildren in the home network. The ISP metro control layer 311 allowsdifferent geographic locations or groups of an ISP 124 to beindividually controlled. For example, one group may have higherbandwidth such that a higher amount of user originated download can betolerated.

With reference to FIG. 3C, a diagram showing yet another embodiment of amulti-tiered control plane 300-3 is shown. In this embodiment, theapplications 232 in the application layer 304 determines if origindownload or user originated download is to be used for a particularcontent object download. For the control layers for user originateddownload, there is an enterprise control layer 310 that allowsbusinesses to specify control settings.

In comparison to control layer settings, status information might changemore frequently. For example, based on the control layer settings, apolicy with in the client layer control plane at the client 228 mayprohibit servicing end user originated download requests when a VoIPcall is in progress. Such a policy would likely result in the status ofthe client 228 changing on a frequent basis. For example, whenever aVoIP call is begun, the control layer in the client 228 indicates to theglobal resource authority 104, the local resource authority 208, or boththat the client 228 is currently unavailable to service end useroriginated downloads. The global resource authority 104 may send acorresponding notification to the dispatcher 108.

Likewise, the local resource authority 208 may send a correspondingnotification to the service engine 212.

Status information may also be forwarded by the ISP 124. For example, ifthe ISP 124 is experiencing a period of high congestion, it may send anindication to the global resource authority 104 to prohibit its endusers from servicing end user originated download requests.

Status information may also include information with respect to thelocation of the computing device 224. The location of a client 228 maychange if the associated computing device 224 is moved geographically orif it is connected to the network via an altered path. In oneembodiment, location information is periodically reported and/or inresponse to a change in location.

Referring next to FIG. 4, an embodiment of a process 400 for performinguser originated download is shown from the perspective of a contentdelivery network operating the global resource authority 104, thecontrol layer database 112, the dispatcher 108, the content database 116as well as the client database 118. The depicted portion of the processbegins in block 402 where control layer settings are received fromvarious tiers that are defined for a particular client 228. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 1, the control layer database 112 holds thecontrol settings and resulting policies for the clients 228. Statusinformation for the clients is reported in block 404 and received, forexample, by the client database 118. In block 408, the content objectsavailable from the clients 228 are updated, typically in response to apolling inquiry or by periodic or sporadic reporting. In one embodiment,the content database 116 performs block 408. The original location ofthe content objects may also be stored such that the content providercan be queried for the content object if there is a problem getting thecontent object from another client.

Processing continues to block 412, where a request for content isreceived from a client 228. Alternatively, the requesting device couldbe on a computing device 224, a server engine 212 or other entity. Therequest is processed with reference to the policies of the requestingand sourcing entity, status and content database 118 in block 416. Assuch, the content objects available in response to the request aredetermined.

A determination is made in block 424 as to whether the content should bedownloaded from another client or retrieved form the content provider128. For some requests, the process may favor download from anotherclient rather than going back to the content provider 128, even if theoriginal request was made to a origin server. For example, useroriginated download may be favored when service from another end userwould provide better network performance, QoS, efficiency or the like.The determination in block 424 could be variously made by the dispatcher108, the client 228, super node or application 232 as well as otherentities or combinations thereof. Where the content originates fromanother client, processing flows from block 424 to block 428 in whichinformation is sent to the requesting end user regarding one or more endusers which are capable of servicing the request. In one embodiment, thedispatcher 108 performs block 428. Where the content is to be sourcedfrom an origin server, processing goes from block 424 to block 432 inwhich the content object is requested from the content provider usingconventional origin download. In one embodiment, the dispatcher 108performs blocks 416, 424, 428 and 432.

Thus, data transfer system 100 expressly shown in one instantiation inFIG. 1 is configured to allow content download between end user devices,such as, for example, computing devices 224. The data transfer system100 has a first client associated with a first device capable ofcommunication over the Internet and configured to provide a firstsetting from which a first set of potentially eligible sources can bedetermined, as described herein. According to one of many examples whichcould be developed, the first client 228-1 communicates with theInternet 120 using the ISP network 204, the router 236 and the LAN 220.One possible setting which the first client 228-1 may specify is that itaccepts content only from sources having a data transfer rate of 300kbps or higher. Such a setting may render some possible sourcesineligible to provide content to the first client 228-1. In such a way,the first setting is one aspect that indicates a set of potentiallyeligible sources. Of course, the data transfer system 100 also includesmany other client stations, such as the second client 228-2, which arecapable of communication over the Internet.

As described above, the data transfer system 100 includes multipleentities which may provide settings. For example, a network entity, suchas, for example, ISP 124-1, may be configured to provide a secondsetting from which a second set of potentially eligible sources can bedetermined. For example, the network entity may specify a setting whichlimits the maximum transfer rate for point-to-point data transfer to 50kbps in order to better manage the burdens imposed on the system bypoint-to-point traffic. In one embodiment, the data transfer system 100receives the first and second settings as well as a request for contentfrom the first client. The data transfer system 100 determines a policybased on the first and second settings. The policy allows determinationof a set of eligible source devices. In one embodiment, the datatransfer system 100 honors the network entity setting over the clientstation setting and, thus, determines the set of eligible source devicesto include only those capable of transferring data at 50 kbps or less.In another embodiment, the data transfer system 100 selects a policywhich satisfied the most restrictive setting. Other more complexprocesses are also possible.

Based on the request, the data transfer system 100 determines a subsetof the set of eligible sources that have the content. In systems capableof point-to-point data transfer, the subset often includes one moreclient stations, such as second client 228-2. The data transfer system100 sends an indication of the second client as being an eligible sourceof the content to the first client 228-1.

Referring to FIG. 5, a flowchart 500 of an exemplary embodiment isshown. In block 510, a first setting is received from a first entityindicating a first set of potentially eligible sources. In one example,the client 228 may specify that only sources with a delivery bandwidthof 1200 kbps are eligible sources for that particular client. In anotherexample, the ISP 124 may characterize relationships between Internetcomponents and specify the content sharing privileges associated withthe various relationships. In block 520, a second group of one or morecontrol layer settings is received from a second entity. For example,the content provider 128 may indicate that a request for designatedstreaming content may be satisfied by sourcing the streaming contentbetween clients having a specified relationship.

In block 530, a request for content from a client is received. Forexample, in one embodiment, the dispatcher 108 receives a request from afirst client that may have previously provided, or concurrently orsubsequently provides, control layer settings. In another embodiment,another client or super node client may receive the request. Blocks 510,520 and 530 can be executed in any order.

In block 540, one or more control layer policies are determined based onthe control layer settings. Based upon the control layer policies, a setof one or more eligible sources is identified. For example, in oneembodiment, the eligible sources may be a group of end users having therequested content and having a specified relationship to the requestingentity as well as the ability to deliver the content to the requestingentity at a minimum specified data rate. In another embodiment, oneeligible source may be an origin server, such as any server cache etc.which is used to service a request for content in a conventional,non-point-to-point fashion and may be the content provider 128.

In block 550, a subset of the eligible sources that have the requestedcontent are determined. For example, in one embodiment such adetermination is made by the dispatcher 108 or a super node. In block560, an indication of one or more entities having the requested contentwithin the set of eligible resources is sent to the client.

Referring to FIG. 6, a flowchart 600 of an exemplary embodiment isshown, generally illustrating servicing a request for origin servercontent by way of an end user. A requesting entity generates a requestfor content that originates from a content provider. In block 610, therequest is received. For example, the application 232-2 requests a livesporting event streaming content. The client 228 parses the requestaccording to its local policies. The client 228 sends the request to thedispatch 108. In block 620, a set of eligible end user sources that areeligible to source the content are determined. For example, in oneembodiment, the dispatcher 108 receives one or more settings from thecontent provider 128 indicating that client stations within a businessnetwork can share content in a peer-to-peer fashion. Likewise, thedispatcher 108 may receive like settings from a content delivery entityspecifying that particular content may be shared in a peer-to-peerfashion. In block 630, the transfer of content is facilitated. Forexample, the dispatcher 108 responds to the requesting entity specifyingan end user from which to source the content. In this way, a request forcontent from a content provider is serviced in a peer-to-peer fashion.For example, if two end users within the business network 136 each makea request to the content provider 128 to watch the Olympics, rather thanestablish two parallel streams, the dispatcher 108 facilitates thetransfer from a second entity in the business network according tosettings received from the content provider 128 or the global resourceauthority 108.

Referring to FIG. 7, a flowchart 700 of an exemplary embodiment isshown, including illustration of an aspect of the interaction betweenthe application and client. In block 710, one or more applicationsettings are received. Each setting indicates the characteristics of afirst set of potentially eligible sources or requesters. For example theclient 228 receives settings from one or more applications 232. A firstapplication may limit the number of simultaneously outgoing end userdownloads. Another application sets a minimum incoming data rate.

In block 720, one or more client settings are determined as a functionof the one or more application settings. For example, the client 228 maymerge the application settings with client layer settings associatedwith the client 228 to create the overall client settings. For example,the client 228 may determine internally created settings based uponcontrol layer settings such as parental control settings. Typically, theclient 228 honors the client layer settings over and above theapplication settings. As such, the client 228 may impose morerestrictive settings, thereby potentially decreasing the number ofpotentially eligible sources. However, in some cases, the client 228 mayexpand the application settings, thereby potentially increasing thenumber of potentially eligible sources.

In block 730, a request for content is received by the client 228 from aapplication 232. For example, the requesting application 232 may make arequest for an MP3 download. In block 740, information regarding a setof eligible clients is retrieved. For example, the set of eligibleclients may be determined based on the one or more client settings andone or more network settings from an Internet component remote to therequesting client 228. The set of eligible clients matches or is asubset of the set of potentially eligible sources. The informationregarding the set of eligible clients may be retrieved from thedispatcher 108, a super node, a module within the end user device etc.

In block 750, information regarding one or more specific sourcingclients from within this set of eligible clients is retrieved. Thespecific sourcing clients are capable of sourcing the requested content.In one embodiment, such information is retrieved from the dispatcher108, a super node, a module within the end user device etc. In block760, a request for the content is made. For example, the client 232requests the content from one of the specific sourcing clients andpasses the incoming data to the requesting application.

A number of variations and modifications of the disclosed embodimentscan also be used. For example, some of the above embodiments discuss useof an end user computer to source a download. The system could be usedto allow use and control of other resources on end user computers. Forexample, a user computer could be used for distributed computing at thecontrol of the application, client, ISP, and/or system. Some embodimentscould use the control plane to regulate machine virtualization ofresources such as storage, bandwidth and processing power. For example,one end user could use another end user's hard drive to store theirdata.

While the principles of the disclosure have been described above inconnection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearlyunderstood that this description is made only by way of example and notas limitation on the scope of the disclosure.

1. A method for transferring content across a content delivery network(CDN), the method comprising: receiving, at a server in a content datanetwork, a notification of a request for electronic content from aclient; identifying a client associated with the request; identifyingone or more global policies related to the request; determining whetherthe client is authorized to receive the content based at least partly onthe identity of the client and the identified one or more globalpolicies; identifying a source, among a plurality of source, to providethe content to the client; and upon determining that the client isauthorized to receive the content, initiating a transfer of the contentfrom the source to the client.
 2. The method for transferring contentacross the CDN of claim 1, wherein the source comprises another client.3. The method for transferring content across the CDN of claim 1,wherein the source comprises a server in the CDN.
 4. The method fortransferring content across the CDN of claim 1, wherein the sourcecomprises a server.
 5. The method for transferring content across theCDN of claim 1, wherein the source comprises an origin server, theorigin server having initially provided the content to the CDN.
 6. Themethod for transferring content across the CDN of claim 1, wherein oneor more of the global policies identifies circumstances clients areauthorized to receive the content.
 7. The method for transferringcontent across the CDN of claim 1, wherein one or more of the globalpolicies includes a list of clients authorized to receive the content.8. The method for transferring content across the CDN of claim 1,wherein the receiving the request for content comprises receiving therequest for content from the client specifying content sourced from anorigin server.
 9. The method for transferring content across the CDN ofclaim 1, further comprising sending an indication of the identifiedsource to the client.
 10. The method for transferring content of claim1, wherein the client is identified based on an identification sent bythe client.
 11. A data transfer system configured to allow transfer ofcontent through a content delivery network (CDN) to a client device, thedata transfer system comprising: a client associated with the clientdevice capable of communication over the Internet: a global resourceauthority comprising a plurality of global policies indicating whetherparticular clients are authorized to access particular electroniccontents; and a dispatcher configured to, upon receiving a request forelectronic content from the client: identify the client, identify one ormore of the plurality of policies applicable to the request, determinewhether the client is authorized to receive the requested electroniccontent based on the one or more policies, and upon determining that theclient is authorized to receive the requested electronic content, allowthe client to access the requested electronic content to the client. 12.The data transfer system configured to allow transfer of content throughthe content data network to a client device of claim 11, wherein theglobal resource authority is under control of an Internet serviceprovider.
 13. The data transfer system configured to allow transfer ofcontent through the content data network to a client device of claim 11,wherein the global resource authority is under control of a contentprovider.
 14. The data transfer system configured to allow transfer ofcontent through the content data network to a client device of claim 11,wherein the global resource authority is under control of the CDN. 15.The data transfer system configured to allow transfer of content throughthe content data network to a client device of claim 11, wherein the oneor more policies allow specific clients to globally access the content.16. The data transfer system configured to allow transfer of contentthrough the content data network to a client device of claim 11, whereinthe one or more policies allow clients to access the content only underlimited circumstances.
 17. The data transfer system configured to allowtransfer of content through the content data network to a client deviceof claim 11, wherein the dispatcher includes the policies from theglobal resource authority.